For fun, I coded this up a while ago - both to review the details of implementing a counting sort (which is super-fast, since it does no comparisons!) and to review the details of implementing a Linux "pipeline" program in python.
Enjoy!
-pbr
https://gist.github.com/PaulReiber/6193485
https://gist.githubusercontent.com/PaulReiber/6193485/raw/7678f484648ad89608166c158ab8b00b98735394/countsort.py
Friday, August 09, 2013
Topping 100 posts
It's an arbitrary number, 100.
Ten tens. Only pertinent to us humans due to the count of digits we have on our hands and on our toes. Mathematically, a base is arbitrary, and its square is just as arbitrary. However, it seems reasonable to highlight that there are indeed over 100 relevant, hopefully helpful Linux-related posts on this blog at this point!
My posts of my notes/impressions of various Linux distros has pushed the count of posts I've made on this blog up over 100, in an otherwise unceremonious fashion, but it feels rather good to have accomplished that, and I look forward to continuing posting helpful stuff about Linux.
(The above confirms... people who abuse punctuation deserve a long sentence.)
If you have questions - anything you've "always wondered about" regarding Linux, anything perplexing, incomprehensible, or impenetrable... please don't hesitate to reach out and ask me. Most of the posts I've written have resulted from simple questions about how to best use Linux.
Thanks for reading!
-Paul
Ten tens. Only pertinent to us humans due to the count of digits we have on our hands and on our toes. Mathematically, a base is arbitrary, and its square is just as arbitrary. However, it seems reasonable to highlight that there are indeed over 100 relevant, hopefully helpful Linux-related posts on this blog at this point!
My posts of my notes/impressions of various Linux distros has pushed the count of posts I've made on this blog up over 100, in an otherwise unceremonious fashion, but it feels rather good to have accomplished that, and I look forward to continuing posting helpful stuff about Linux.
(The above confirms... people who abuse punctuation deserve a long sentence.)
If you have questions - anything you've "always wondered about" regarding Linux, anything perplexing, incomprehensible, or impenetrable... please don't hesitate to reach out and ask me. Most of the posts I've written have resulted from simple questions about how to best use Linux.
Thanks for reading!
-Paul
Exploring ArchLinux 2012
Sensibly, Arch includes vim. At least it's not forcing us to use 'nano'.
However, package installs were problematic.
# pacman -S mlocate
:: The following packages should be upgraded first :
pacman
:: Do you want to cancel the current operation
:: and upgrade these packages now? [Y/n] Y
resolving dependencies...
looking for inter-conflicts...
Targets (6): bash-4.2.045-1 filesystem-2013.03-2 glibc-2.17-5 libarchive-3.1.2-1 linux-api-headers-3.8.4-1 pacman-4.1.0-2
Total Installed Size: 51.14 MiB
Net Upgrade Size: -0.99 MiB
Proceed with installation? [Y/n] Y
(6/6) checking package integrity [##########################################################################] 100%
(6/6) loading package files [##########################################################################] 100%
(6/6) checking for file conflicts [##########################################################################] 100%
error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)
filesystem: /etc/profile.d/locale.sh exists in filesystem
filesystem: /usr/share/man/man7/archlinux.7.gz exists in filesystem
Errors occurred, no packages were upgraded.
#
These are not the sorts of problems I enjoy - it's a relatively pointless challenge to figure out how to use something that doesn't seem to want to be used.
Searching about on the internet for answers was no more enjoyable, and just as fruitless. Evidently, people who are expert with arch wish to remain an exclusive club, and have little interest in communicating HOW to use the package manager or otherwise become proficient with the distro.
I can't say that I would recommend Arch, based on my experiences with it to date.
However, package installs were problematic.
# pacman -S mlocate
:: The following packages should be upgraded first :
pacman
:: Do you want to cancel the current operation
:: and upgrade these packages now? [Y/n] Y
resolving dependencies...
looking for inter-conflicts...
Targets (6): bash-4.2.045-1 filesystem-2013.03-2 glibc-2.17-5 libarchive-3.1.2-1 linux-api-headers-3.8.4-1 pacman-4.1.0-2
Total Installed Size: 51.14 MiB
Net Upgrade Size: -0.99 MiB
Proceed with installation? [Y/n] Y
(6/6) checking package integrity [##########################################################################] 100%
(6/6) loading package files [##########################################################################] 100%
(6/6) checking for file conflicts [##########################################################################] 100%
error: failed to commit transaction (conflicting files)
filesystem: /etc/profile.d/locale.sh exists in filesystem
filesystem: /usr/share/man/man7/archlinux.7.gz exists in filesystem
Errors occurred, no packages were upgraded.
#
These are not the sorts of problems I enjoy - it's a relatively pointless challenge to figure out how to use something that doesn't seem to want to be used.
Searching about on the internet for answers was no more enjoyable, and just as fruitless. Evidently, people who are expert with arch wish to remain an exclusive club, and have little interest in communicating HOW to use the package manager or otherwise become proficient with the distro.
I can't say that I would recommend Arch, based on my experiences with it to date.
Exploring Debian 6 - Squeeze
Debian's a reasonable distro. apt-get installed python, gcc, make, and vim quite handily.
I was a little disappointed to find it doesn't have pstree - and further to that:
# aptitude search pstree
#
I'm perplexed. No match on a search for pstree? Doesn't seem reasonable. Am I missing something? Or are they? It's a bit frustrating.
ps x --forest
...it's just not the same.
Otherwise, a very reasonable distro.
I was a little disappointed to find it doesn't have pstree - and further to that:
# aptitude search pstree
#
I'm perplexed. No match on a search for pstree? Doesn't seem reasonable. Am I missing something? Or are they? It's a bit frustrating.
ps x --forest
...it's just not the same.
Otherwise, a very reasonable distro.
Exploring Gentoo 12
What do they have against Vim?
Vim is the default Linux/UNIX editor. Excluding it on a distro is bordering on criminal.
emerge sys-apps/mlocate
Nothing can be standard, Gentoo must differentiate. One cannot simply install, or update, or "get" a package, one must emerge it.
However, emerge worked, at least for "locate"... almost as straightforwardly as with RedHat/CentOS/Fedora/Ubuntu.
I found myself in "nano" having issued "visudo". That's just wrong. Let's see - can I install vim?
# emerge vim
* Last emerge --sync was 348d 11h 31m 40s ago.
Calculating dependencies... done!
>>> Verifying ebuild manifests
>>> Starting parallel fetch
>>> Emerging (1 of 6) app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1
* Fetching files in the background. To view fetch progress, run
* `tail -f /var/log/emerge-fetch.log` in another terminal.
* vi.eselect-1.1.7.bz2 SHA256 SHA512 WHIRLPOOL size ;-) ... [ ok ]
>>> Unpacking source...
>>> Unpacking vi.eselect-1.1.7.bz2 to /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/work
>>> Source unpacked in /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/work
>>> Preparing source in /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/work ...
* Applying eselect-vi-1.1.7-prefix.patch ... [ ok ]
>>> Source prepared.
>>> Configuring source in /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/work ...
>>> Source configured.
>>> Compiling source in /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/work ...
>>> Source compiled.
>>> Test phase [not enabled]: app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1
>>> Install eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1 into /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/image/ category app-admin
>>> Completed installing eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1 into /var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1/image/
>>> Installing (1 of 6) app-admin/eselect-vi-1.1.7-r1
>>> Emerging (2 of 6) app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13
>>> Downloading 'http://mirror.usu.edu/mirrors/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:55-- http://mirror.usu.edu/mirrors/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving mirror.usu.edu... 129.123.104.64
Connecting to mirror.usu.edu|129.123.104.64|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2013-07-28 03:06:55 ERROR 404: Not Found.
>>> Downloading 'http://mirror.mcs.anl.gov/pub/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:55-- http://mirror.mcs.anl.gov/pub/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving mirror.mcs.anl.gov... 2620:0:dc0:1800:214:4fff:fe7d:1b9, 146.137.96.7
Connecting to mirror.mcs.anl.gov|2620:0:dc0:1800:214:4fff:fe7d:1b9|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2013-07-28 03:06:55 ERROR 404: Not Found.
>>> Downloading 'http://gentoo.cities.uiuc.edu/pub/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:55-- http://gentoo.cities.uiuc.edu/pub/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving gentoo.cities.uiuc.edu... failed: Name or service not known.
wget: unable to resolve host address `gentoo.cities.uiuc.edu'
>>> Downloading 'http://gentoo.osuosl.org/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:56-- http://gentoo.osuosl.org/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving gentoo.osuosl.org... 140.211.166.134
Connecting to gentoo.osuosl.org|140.211.166.134|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2013-07-28 03:06:56 ERROR 404: Not Found.
>>> Downloading 'http://ftp.halifax.rwth-aachen.de/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:56-- http://ftp.halifax.rwth-aachen.de/gentoo/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving ftp.halifax.rwth-aachen.de... 137.226.34.42
Connecting to ftp.halifax.rwth-aachen.de|137.226.34.42|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2013-07-28 03:06:56 ERROR 404: Not Found.
>>> Downloading 'http://gentoo.ussg.indiana.edu/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:56-- http://gentoo.ussg.indiana.edu/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving gentoo.ussg.indiana.edu... 156.56.247.195
Connecting to gentoo.ussg.indiana.edu|156.56.247.195|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2013-07-28 03:06:57 ERROR 404: Not Found.
>>> Downloading 'http://gentoo-distfiles.mirrors.tds.net/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'
--2013-07-28 03:06:57-- http://gentoo-distfiles.mirrors.tds.net/distfiles/eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2
Resolving gentoo-distfiles.mirrors.tds.net... 216.165.129.135
Connecting to gentoo-distfiles.mirrors.tds.net|216.165.129.135|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2013-07-28 03:06:57 ERROR 404: Not Found.
!!! Couldn't download 'eselect-emacs-1.13.tar.bz2'. Aborting.
* Fetch failed for 'app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13', Log file:
* '/var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13/temp/build.log'
>>> Failed to emerge app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13, Log file:
>>> '/var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13/temp/build.log'
* Messages for package app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13:
* Fetch failed for 'app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13', Log file:
* '/var/tmp/portage/app-admin/eselect-ctags-1.13/temp/build.log'
* GNU info directory index is up-to-date.
* IMPORTANT: 2 config files in '/etc' need updating.
* See the CONFIGURATION FILES section of the emerge
* man page to learn how to update config files.
The above experience gave me ZERO faith in gentoo. I had asked to install Vim, yet the errors are about it being unable to install emacs. Poignant, yet so totally inappropriate!
I can't say I've had a reasonable experience with Gentoo 12 so far. It hasn't been totally unwieldy, but it's been far from malleable.
Exploring Fedora 17
For anyone who is already familiar with RedHat/Centos, this is a painless distro to adopt - you'll find few if any surprises.
As with the other Rackspace Cloud distros, this one's lean - but not TOO lean. I found myself needing to install "locate" and "gcc":
yum install mlocate
updatedb
yum install gcc
It makes for a relatively boring blog post, but... I had so few problems with the Fedora 17 that I really have nothing more to report. It just works.
yum install mlocate
updatedb
yum install gcc
It makes for a relatively boring blog post, but... I had so few problems with the Fedora 17 that I really have nothing more to report. It just works.
Exploring OpenSUSE 12
Yet more documentation of my Exploring Variants of Linux in the Rackspace Cloud
OpenSUSE package management is via Yast. Yast wants to be interactive. It might be possible to do things from the commandline but it seems to work best interactively.
This makes it harder to review what you've done since there's no record of exact command line options. My root history simply says "yast", with no indication of what I installed.
As such, I don't have a good audit trail for what I've done on the OpenSUSE server.
However, it gave me very few problems and had few if any issues.
OpenSUSE will surprise you if/when you run "pstree -paul"
You'll find init has been replaced by something called "systemd". As with Ubuntu's "upstart", OpenSUSE's "systemd" replaces the tried-and-true system init scripts with something new and wonderful.
man systemd.special systemd.unit systemd.service systemd.socket systemd.target
...there's quite a bit of learning and reading to be done. Another day. As with Ubuntu Server, were I forced to work with and manage a Linux other than RedHat/CentOS, I'd be quite happy with OpenSUSE.
OpenSUSE package management is via Yast. Yast wants to be interactive. It might be possible to do things from the commandline but it seems to work best interactively.
This makes it harder to review what you've done since there's no record of exact command line options. My root history simply says "yast", with no indication of what I installed.
As such, I don't have a good audit trail for what I've done on the OpenSUSE server.
However, it gave me very few problems and had few if any issues.
OpenSUSE will surprise you if/when you run "pstree -paul"
You'll find init has been replaced by something called "systemd". As with Ubuntu's "upstart", OpenSUSE's "systemd" replaces the tried-and-true system init scripts with something new and wonderful.
man systemd.special systemd.unit systemd.service systemd.socket systemd.target
...there's quite a bit of learning and reading to be done. Another day. As with Ubuntu Server, were I forced to work with and manage a Linux other than RedHat/CentOS, I'd be quite happy with OpenSUSE.
Exploring Ubuntu 12 Server
As I promised in Exploring Variants of Linux I'm following up with my impressions of, and notes on, various Linux distros. This is the first of those "general impressions".
If you're a RedHat/CentOS centric Linux user, hopefully these posts will help you over the first few hurdles you might find on the various other distros.
As with all of the Rackspace Cloud distros, the Ubuntu 12 Server distro is very lean. I noticed a few relatively important tools were not installed. They're not "required" but they're really handy, so my first step was to install them:
apt-get install mlocate
updatedb
apt-get install make
apt-get install gcc
I noticed only one service running which is not needed - "whoopsie" - so I turned it off.
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# cat /etc/default/whoopsie
[General]
report_crashes=true
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# sed -i 's/report_crashes=true/report_crashes=false/' /etc/default/whoopsie
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# cat /etc/default/whoopsie
[General]
report_crashes=false
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# sudo service whoopsie stop
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~#
Upgrading to the latest ubuntu was very lengthy and verbose, including a full-screen interaction with a pink background.. but it was functional:
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
do-release-upgrade
If you're a RedHat/CentOS centric Linux user, hopefully these posts will help you over the first few hurdles you might find on the various other distros.
As with all of the Rackspace Cloud distros, the Ubuntu 12 Server distro is very lean. I noticed a few relatively important tools were not installed. They're not "required" but they're really handy, so my first step was to install them:
apt-get install mlocate
updatedb
apt-get install make
apt-get install gcc
I noticed only one service running which is not needed - "whoopsie" - so I turned it off.
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# cat /etc/default/whoopsie
[General]
report_crashes=true
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# sed -i 's/report_crashes=true/report_crashes=false/' /etc/default/whoopsie
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# cat /etc/default/whoopsie
[General]
report_crashes=false
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~# sudo service whoopsie stop
root@pbr-ubuntu12:~#
Upgrading to the latest ubuntu was very lengthy and verbose, including a full-screen interaction with a pink background.. but it was functional:
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
do-release-upgrade
Upstart's quite a bit different from the standards sys5 init script approach, but easy enough to get accustomed to.
man upstart-events
...neat. Upstart's pretty darn powerful, in fact.
General impression? If I was forced to use something other than a RedHat/CentOS distro, I'd be quite happy with Ubuntu Server.
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